Mining in the lithium triangle: A multifaceted approach towards resource development in the face of climate, governance, and socio-environmental challenges

Abstract

Considering the need for green energy technologies, the energy transition poses a material challenge. In this context, mining strategic or critical minerals like lithium is crucial to meeting net-zero targets. This study aims to analyze the elements determining the development of this industry, specifically in salt flats in Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile. A methodology to assess each factor based on publicly available data is proposed to assess the potential for resource development. Regarding geological potential, Bolivia is found to have the highest potential among the analyzed countries. In terms of governance, Chile has the best regulatory framework for mining, but this might be overstated for lithium development. Regarding the socio-environmental factor, Bolivia has the highest average score for socioenvironmental conflicts, while Argentina has the lowest. Finally, climate results indicate that Bolivia is most affected by drought and extreme precipitation threats. These findings suggest that each factor affects lithium mining differently, with the geological potential and governance factors playing a significant role in reflecting the development of lithium mining. For expected climate hazards, results indicate that a higher potential for impacts from climate change is not related to lower project development.