Multi-objective optimization of glutathione production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in a mini-bubble column reactor via a multifactorial batch-design approach

Abstract

Glutathione is a key intracellular antioxidant with wide industrial applications, but its low natural levels in Saccharomyces cerevisiae require optimized fermentation strategies. This study integrated static magnetic field intensity and exposure time, methionine elicitation, and a two-stage temperature control within a Box-Behnken design. Multi-objective optimization identified optimal conditions and revealed a previously unreported trade-off between yield and productivity. The highest total and reduced glutathione contents reached 3.42 % and 2.63 %, with yields of 38.14 and 29.47 mg & sdot;g- 1 biomass, respectively. Maximum productivities of 9.31 and 6.38 mg & sdot;L- 1 & sdot;h- 1 were obtained under distinct operating conditions. These results highlight the potential of coordinated control of physical and nutritional parameters to enhance glutathione biosynthesis in S. cerevisiae.