The role of transport exclusion and aerial cable cars in shaping commuting choices in steep cities

Abstract

This paper investigates the factors affecting commuting mode choice, with a particular focus on the consideration and choice of aerial cable cars (ACC). It also examines the impact of transport-related social exclusion (TRSE) on mode choice, understood as the limited participation in society due to a lack of transport options. The case study is situated in Manizales, Colombia, a medium-sized city renowned for pioneering ACC as a transit mode and distinguished by its steep topography and residential development in hilly terrain, thereby providing a unique context for examining the impact of ACC on mobility. Data were collected through a questionnaire survey that inquired about daily mobility, including the main mode of transport, origin and destination, available transport options, and perceptions of transport barriers, with consideration of TRSE theoretical dimensions. The subjective perceptions were analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to extract latent factors, which were then used as explanatory variables in a discrete choice model of commuting, along with observed variables related to individual, household, and built-environment characteristics. The results of the CFA show that all items significantly loaded on the theoretical factors, including a combined latent variable for time-and money-based exclusion. A Nested Logit model was estimated, considering the correlation between bus and ACC as public transport. The results indicate that females are less likely to choose the ACC, and the presence of cars among workers also reduces the likelihood of using the ACC. Regarding the TRSE dimensions, we found that all dimensions have the potential to explain mode choice to some extent, with distinct influences considering the mode. For instance, a high perception of physical-based exclusion, related to the quality of transport infrastructure, reduces the likelihood of choosing transit modes, particularly buses. Additionally, individuals with a higher perception of information-based exclusion tend to favour modes that require less information to ensure a reliable journey, such as the ACC or motorcycle. Regarding fear-based exclusion, we found that a high fear perception increases the disutility of time; therefore, individuals prefer a faster arrival at the destination, thereby reducing the probability of incidents. Finally, we simulated the modal share with the inauguration of a new ACC line, resulting in a significant increase in the ACC commuting modal share. Nevertheless, new users initially came from buses, showing a lack of attraction for private vehicle users (cars and motorcycles). This study emphasises the importance of including ACC as a mode choice and identifies specific characteristics that influence its selection. Lastly, it highlights the relevance of perceptions of transport-related social exclusion on commuting mode choice by considering distinct effects for particular modes, enabling specific recommendations to improve city mobility.