Sociocultural and Economic Determinants of Progress Towards Sus-tainable Economies: A Comparative Analysis Between the European Union and the Global South in the Post-COVID Context

Abstract

This study examines the structural factors influencing the transition towards sustainableeconomies, comparing the European Union (EU) and regions of the Global South, specifically LatinAmerica, Sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia, in the post-COVID-19 era. Employing a multidi-mensional approach, the analysis considers variables such as governance, socioeconomic status, in-equality, education, culture, health, public security, and access to green and digital technologies.The findings reveal that the EU possesses stronger institutional capacities, educational systems, andtechnological infrastructures, facilitating the implementation of ambitious environmental policies.Conversely, the Global South faces persistent challenges, including poverty, high inequality, insti-tutional weaknesses, and technological gaps, which hinder the feasibility and acceptance of sustain-able measures. Through case studies, common patterns are identified that explain progress or stag-nation in sustainability efforts, highlighting the critical role of equity, human capital, and politicalstability. The study underscores the necessity of effective international cooperation to ensure aglobal, just, and inclusive green transition. These insights provide evidence to inform public policiesand enrich academic discourse on sustainability across diverse contexts.